Direct sculpting methods for the preparation of palaeontological models are described using asbestos mache and papier mache, resin-laminated plastic foams, polyvinyl chloride modelling clay, and wax, together with various moulding and casting techniques using plaster, latex, neoprene, polysulphide rubber, silicone, polyvinyl chloride, beeswax, polyester, epoxy, acrylic, and polyurethane.