Skip to content Skip to navigation

Article: The trackmaker of Apatopus (Late Triassic, North America): implications for the evolution of archosaur stance and gait

Publication: Palaeontology
Volume: 53
Part: 1
Publication Date: January 2010
Page(s): 175 189
Author(s): Kevin Padian, Cheng Li and Julia Pchelnikova
Addition Information

How to Cite

PADIAN, K., LI, C., PCHELNIKOVA, J. 2010. The trackmaker of Apatopus (Late Triassic, North America): implications for the evolution of archosaur stance and gait. Palaeontology53, 1, 175–189.

Online Version Hosted By

Wiley Online Library
Get Article: Wiley Online Library [Pay-to-View Access] |

References

  • AVANZINI, M., DALLA VECCHIA, F. M., MIETTO, P., PIUBELLI, D., PRETO, N., RIGO, M. and ROGHI, G. 2007. A vertebrate nesting site in Northeastern Italy reveals unexpectedly complex behavior for late Carnian reptiles. Palaios, 22, 465–475.
  • BAIRD, D. 1957. Triassic reptile footprint faunules from Milford, New Jersey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 117, 449–520.
  • BAKKER, R. T. 1971. Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals. Evolution, 25, 636–658.
  • BENTON, M. J. 1983. The Triassic reptile Hyperodapedon from Elgin: functional morphology and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 302, 605–720.
  • BENTON, M. J. 1990. The species of Rhynchosaurus, a rhynchosaurian (Reptilia, Diapsida) from the Middle Triassic of England. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 320, 213–306.
  • BOCK, W. 1952. Triassic reptilian tracks and trends of locomotive evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 395–433.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1971. Los tetrapodos del sector superior de la Formacion Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triasico Superior). I. Parte. Opera Geologica Lilloana, 22, 3–185.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1975. Nuevos materiales de Lagosuchus talampayensis Romer (Thecodontia – Pseudosuchia) y su significado en el origen de los Saurischia. Chañarense inferior, Triasico Medio de Argentina. Acta Geologica Lilloana, 13, 5–90.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1984. Locomotion in rauisuchid thecodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3, 210–218.
  • BRINKMAN, D. 1980. The hind limb step cycle of Caiman sclerops and the mechanics of the crocodile tarsus and metatarsus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58, 2187–2200.
  • CARRANO, M. T. and WILSON, J. A. 2001. Taxon distributions and the tetrapod track record. Paleobiology, 27, 564–582.
  • CHARIG, A. J. 1972. The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: an explanation in functional terms. 121–155. In JOYSEY, K. A. and KEMP, T. S. (eds). Studies in vertebrate evolution: Essays presented to Dr. F. R. Parrington, FRS. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 284 pp.
  • CHATTERJEE, S. 1978. A primitive parasuchid (phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India. Palaeontology, 21, 83–128.
  • COOMBS, W. P. 1978. Theoretical aspects of cursorial adaptations in dinosaurs. Quarterly Review of Biology, 53, 393–418.
  • DESOJO, J. B. 2004. Los aetosaurios (Amniota: Diapsida) de America Del Sur: sus relaciones y aportes a la biogeografia y bioestratigrafia del Triasico continental. PhD Dissertation, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 176 pp.
  • FOSTER, J. R., HAMBLIN, A. H. and LOCKLEY, M. G. 2003. Apatopus trackway and other footprints from the Chinle Group of southern Utah: an update. Ichnos, 10, 165–167.
  • GATESY, S. M. 1991a. Hind limb movements of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and postural grades. Journal of Zoology (London), 224, 577–588.
  • GATESY, S. M. 1991b. Hind-limb scaling in birds and other theropods – implications for terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Morphology, 209, 83–96.
  • GATESY, S. M. 1995. Functional evolution of the hindlimb and tail from basal theropods to birds. 219–234. In THOMASON, J. J. (ed.). Functional morphology in vertebrate evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York, 277 pp.
  • GAUTHIER, J. A. 1984. A cladistic analysis of the higher systematic categories of the Diapsida. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 564 pp.
  • GAUTHIER, J. A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8, 1–55.
  • GOWER, D. J. 2000. Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): an overview. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie Abhandlungen, 218, 447–488.
  • GOWER, D. J. and NESBITT, S. J. 2006. The braincase of Arizonasaurus babbitti– further evidence for the non-monophyly of “rauisuchian” archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 79–87.
  • GREGORY, J. T. 1945. Osteology and relationships of Trilophosaurus. University of Texas Contributions to Geology, 4401, 273–361.
  • HAUBOLD, H. 1971. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 18: Ichnia Amphibiorum et Reptiliorum Fossilium. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 124 pp.
  • HAUBOLD, H. 1984. Saurierfhrten. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg, 232 pp.
  • HAUBOLD, H. 1986. Archosaur footprints at the terrestrial Triassic–Jurassic transition. 190–201. In PADIAN, K. (ed.). The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 378 pp.
  • HUTCHINSON, J. R. 2006. The evolution of locomotion in archosaurs. Comptes Rendus PalEvol, 5, 519–530.
  • HUTCHINSON, J. R. and GATESY, S. M. 2000. Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology, 26, 734–751.
  • HUTCHINSON, J. R. and GATESY, S. M. 2006. Beyond the bones. Nature, 440, 292–294.
  • IRMIS, R. B., NESBITT, S. J., PADIAN, K., SMITH, N. D., TURNER, A. H., WOODY, D. and DOWNS, A. 2007. A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs. Science, 317, 358–361.
  • KREBS, B. 1965. Ticinosuchus ferox nov. gen., nov. sp., Ein neuer Pseudosuchier aus der Trias der Monte San Giorgio. Schweizerische Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, 81, 1–140.
  • KUBO, T. and BENTON, M. J. 2007. Evolution of hindlimb posture in archosaurs: limb stresses in extinct vertebrates. Palaeontology, 50, 1–11.
  • KUHN, O. (ed.) 1976. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 13: Thecodontia. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 136 pp.
  • LOCKLEY, M. J. and MEYER, C. 2000. Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of Europe. Columbia University Press, New York, 323 pp.
  • NESBITT, S. J. 2007. The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 302, 1–84.
  • OLSEN, P. E. and HUBER, P. 1998. The oldest Late Triassic footprint assemblage from North America (Pekin Formation, Deep River Basin, North Carolina, USA). Southeastern Geology, 38, 77–90.
  • OLSEN, P. E. and PADIAN, K. 1986. Earliest records of Batrachopus from the Southwest U.S., and a revision of some early Mesozoic crocodilomorph ichnogenera. 259–274. In PADIAN, K. (ed.). The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 378 pp.
  • PADIAN, K. 1983. A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs. Paleobiology, 9, 218–239.
  • PADIAN, K. 1997. Bipedality. 68–70. In CURRIE, P. J. and PADIAN, K. (eds). The encyclopedia of dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego, 869 pp.
  • PADIAN, K. 2001. Cross-testing adaptive hypotheses: phylogenetic analysis and the origin of bird flight. American Zoologist, 41, 598–607.
  • PADIAN, K. 2003. Pterosaur stance and gait, and the interpretation of trackways. Ichnos, 10, 115–126.
  • PADIAN, K. and OLSEN, P. E. 1984a. The track of Pteraichnus: not pterosaurian, but crocodilian. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 178–184.
  • PADIAN, K. and OLSEN, P. E. 1984b. Footprints of the Komodo dragon and the trackways of fossil reptiles. Copeia, 1984, 662–671.
  • PADIAN, K. and OLSEN, P. E. 1989. Ratite footprints and the stance and gait of Mesozoic theropods. 231–241. In GILLETTE, D. D. and LOCKLEY, M. (eds). Dinosaur tracks and traces: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge University Press, New York, 454 pp.
  • PARKER, W. G. 2008. Description of new material of the aetosaur Desmatosuchus spurensis (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Chinle Formation of Arizona and a revision of the genus Desmatosuchus. PaleoBios, 28, 1–40.
  • PARRISH, J. M. 1986a. Locomotor adaptations in the hindlimb and pelvis of the Thecodontia. Hunteria, 1, 2–35.
  • PARRISH, J. M. 1986b. Structure and function of the tarsus in the phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria). 35–43. In PADIAN, K. (ed.). The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 378 pp.
  • PARRISH, J. M. 1987. The origin of crocodilian locomotion. Paleobiology, 13, 396–414.
  • PARRISH, J. M. 1993. Phylogeny of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsal monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 287–308.
  • PEYER, K., CARTER, J., SUES, H.-D., NOVAK, S. and OLSEN, P. 2008. A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 363–381.
  • RAINFORTH, E. C. 2007. Ichnotaxonomic updates from the Newark Supergroup. 49–59. In RAINFORTH, E. C. (ed.). Field Guide and Proceedings of the XXIV Annual Conference and Fieldtrip of the Geological Association of New Jersey, Contributions to the Paleontology of New Jersey (II). Geological Association of New Jersey, New Jersey Geological Survey, Trenton, 124 pp.
  • REWCASTLE, S. 1980. Form and function in lacertilian knee and mesotarsal joints: a contribution to the anaysis of sprawling locomotion. Journal of Zoology, 191, 147–170.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1971. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. X. Two new but incompletely known long-limbed pseudosuchians. Breviora, 378, 1–10.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XV. Further remains of the thecodonts Lagerpeton and Lagosuchus. Breviora, 394, 1–7.
  • SCHOCH, R. R. 2007. Osteology of the small archosaur Aetosaurus from the Upper Triassic of Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 246, 1–35.
  • SULLIVAN, C. S. 2007. Function and evolution of the hind limb in Triassic archosaurian reptiles. PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, 267 pp.
  • SZALAY, F. 1984. Arboreality: is it homologous in metatherian and eutherian mammals? Evolutionary Biology, 18, 215–258.
  • WALKER, A. D. 1961. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Stagonolepis, Dasygnathus and their allies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 244, 103–204.
  • WALKER, A. D. 1964. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 248, 53–134.
  • WEINBAUM, J. C. and HUNGERBUEHLER, A. 2007. A revision of Poposaurus gracilis (Archosauria: Suchia) based on two new specimens from the Late Triassic of the southwestern USA. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 81, 131–145.
  • WOODWARD, A. S. 1907. On Rhynchosaurus articeps (Owen). Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1906, 293–329.
PalAss Go! URL: http://go.palass.org/5dp | Twitter: Share on Twitter | Facebook: Share on Facebook | Google+: Share on Google+