Skip to content Skip to navigation

Article: Morphospace occupation in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs: skull shape variation, species delineation and temporal patterns

Publication: Palaeontology
Volume: 52
Part: 5
Publication Date: September 2009
Page(s): 1057 1097
Author(s): Stephanie E. Pierce, Kenneth D. Angielczyk and Emily J. Rayfield
Addition Information

How to Cite

PIERCE, S. E., ANGIELCZYK, K. D., RAYFIELD, E. J. 2009. Morphospace occupation in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs: skull shape variation, species delineation and temporal patterns. Palaeontology52, 5, 1057–1097.

Online Version Hosted By

Wiley Online Library
Get Article: Wiley Online Library [Pay-to-View Access] |

References

  • ACKERMANN, R. R. and CHEVERUD, J. M. 2004. Morphological integration in primate evolution. 302–319. In PIGLIUCCI, M. and PRESTON, K. (eds). Phenotypic integration: studying the ecology and evolution of complex phenotypes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 443 pp.
  • ADAMS-TRESMAN, S. M. 1987a. The Callovian (Middle Jurassic) marine crocodile Metriorhynchus from central England. Palaeontology, 30, 179–194.
  • ADAMS-TRESMAN, S. M. 1987b. The Callovian (Middle Jurassic) teleosaurid marine crocodiles from central England. Palaeontology, 30, 195–206.
  • ADAMS, D. C. and ROHLF, F. J. 2000. Ecological character displacement in Plethodon: biomechanical differences found from a geometric morphometric study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 97, 4106–4111.
  • ANDREWS, C. W. 1909. On some new steneosaurs form the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 299–308.
  • ANDREWS, C. W. 1913. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay, 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, 206 pp.
  • ANTUNES, M. T. 1967. Um mesosuquiano do Liásico de Tomar (Portugal). Consideraçôes sobre a origem dos crocodilos. Mémoria Servicos Géologicos de Portugal, 13, 7–66.
  • BARDET, N. 1994. Extinction events among Mesozoic marine reptiles. Historical Biology, 7, 313–324.
  • BAYLAC, M., VILLEMANT, C. and SIMBOLOTTI, G. 2003. Combining geometric morphometrics with pattern recognition for the investigation of species complexes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 89–98.
  • BOOKSTEIN, F. L. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 435 pp.
  • BOTHA, J. and ANGIELCZYK, K. D. 2007. An integrative approach to distinguishing the Late Permian dicynodont species Oudenodon bainii and Tropidostoma microtrema (Therapsida: Anomodontia). Palaeontology, 50, 1175–1209.
  • BERCKHEMER, F. 1929. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Krokodilier des schwbischen oberen Lias. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie, Abteilung B, 64, 1–60.
  • BLAINVILLE, H. M. D. de 1853. Lettre sur les Crocodiliens vivants et fossiles. Mémoires de la Société linnéenne de Normandie, 9, 109–120.
  • BROILI, F. 1932. Weitere Beobachtungen an Geosaurus. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geolgie und Palontologie, 68, 127–148.
  • BRONN, H. G. 1841. Untersuchung zweier Gavial-Skelette und der Gaumen zweier andern aus dem Boller Lias-Shiefern. 5–30. In BRONN, H. G. and KAUP, J. J. (eds). Abhandlungen uber die Gavialartigen Reptilien der Las-Formaton. Schweizerbart, Stutgart, 47 pp.
  • BUCHHOLTZ, E. A. 2007. Modular evolution of the cetacean vertebral column. Evolution and Development, 9, 278–289.
  • BUCHY, M.-C., VIGNAUD, P., FREY, E., STINNESBECK, W. and GONZÁLEZ, A. H. G. 2006. A new thalattosuchian crocodyliform from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of northeastern Mexico. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 5, 785–794.
  • BUFFETAUT, E. 1980. Position systématique et phylogénetique du genre Pelagosaurus Bronn, 1841 (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia), du Toarcien d’Europe. Geobios, 13, 783–786.
  • BUFFETAUT, E. 1982. Radiation évolutive, paléoécologie et biogéographie des crocodiliens mésosuchiens. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, 42, 1–88.
  • BUSBEY, A. B. 1995. The structural consequences of skull flattening in crocodilians. 173–192. In THOMASON, J. J. (ed.). Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 293 pp.
  • CUVIER, G. 1824. Sur les ossements fossiles de Crocodiles, 5. 143–160. In DUFOUR, G. and D’OCAGNE, E. (eds). Recherches sur les ossements fossiles (Second édition), Paris. 548 pp.
  • DESLONGCHAMPS, E. E. 18631869. Notes Paléontologiques. Le Blanc-Hardel and Savy, Caen and Paris, 392 pp.
  • DOBIGNY, G., BAYLAC, M. and DENYS, C. 2002. Geometic morphometrics, neural networks and diagnosis of sibling Taterillus species (Rodentia, Gerbillinae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 77, 319–327.
  • ENDO, H., AOKI, R., TARU, H., KIMURA, J., SASAKI, M., YAMAMOTO, M., ARISHIMA, K. and HAYASHI, Y. 2002. Comparative functional morphology of the masticatory apparatus in the long-snouted crocodiles. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 31, 206–213.
  • ERICKSON, G. M., LAPPIN, A. K. and VLIET, K. A. 2004. Comparison of bite-force performance between long-term captive and wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Zoology, 262, 21–28.
  • FERNÁNDEZ, M. and GASPARINI, Z. 2008. Salt glands in the Jurassic metriorhynchid Geosaurus: implications for the evolution of osmoregulation in Mesozoic marine crocodyliforms. Naturwissenschaften, 95, 79–84.
  • FITZINGER, L. J. F. J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Braumüller and Seidel Eds., Wien, 106 pp.
  • FOOTE, M. 1993. Contributions of individual taxa to overall morphological disparity. Paleobiology, 19, 403–419.
  • FRAAS, E. 1901. Die Meerkrokodile (Thalattosuchia) eine Sauriergruppe der Juraformation. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterlndische Naturkunde Württemberg, 57, 409–418.
  • FRAAS, E. 1902. Die Meer-Crocodilier (Thalattosuchia) des oberen Jura unter specieller Berücksichtigung von Dacosaurus und Geosaurus. Palaeontographica, 49, 1–71.
  • FREY, E., BUCHY, M.-C., STINNESBECK, W. and JOSE GUADALUPE, L.-O. 2002. Geosaurus vignaudi n.sp. (Crocodiliformes: Thalattosuchia), first evidence of metriorhynchid crocodilians in the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of central-east Mexico. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 1467–1483.
  • GASPARINI, Z. and DELLAPÉ, D. 1976. Un nuevo cocodrilo marino (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) de la Formation Vaca Muerta (Jurasico, Tithoniano) de la Provincia de Neuquen (Republica Argentina). Congreso Geológico (Chileno, Santiagos) Actas, 1, C1–C21.
  • GASPARINI, Z. and CHONG DÍAZ, G. 1977. Metriorhynchus casamiquelai n. sp. (Crocodiliformes: Thalattosuchia), a marine crocodile from the Jurassic (Callovian) of Chile, South America. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paleontolgie, Abhandlungen, 153, 341–360.
  • GASPARINI, Z., VIGNAUD, P. and CHONG, G. 2000. The Jurassic Thalattosuchia (Crocodyliformes) of Chile: a paleobiogeographic approach. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 171, 657–664.
  • GASPARINI, Z., CICHOWOLSKI, M. and LAZO, D. G. 2005. First record of Metriorhynchus (Reptilia: Crocodyliformes) in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of the Eastern Pacific. Journal of Paleontology, 79, 801–805.
  • GASPARINI, Z., POL, D. and SPALLETTI, L. A. 2006. An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia. Science, 311, 70–73.
  • GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E. 1825. Recherches sur l’organisation des gavailes. Mémoires du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 12, 97–155.
  • GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E. 1831. Recherches sur de grands sauriens trouvés à l’état fossile aux confins maritimes de la Basse-Normandie, attribués d’abord au Crocodile, puis déterminés sous les noms de Teleosaurus et Steneosaurus. Mémoires de l’Academie des sciences, 12, 1–138.
  • GODEFROIT, P. 1994. Les reptiles marins du Toarcien (Jurassique Inférieur) Belgo-Luxembourgois. Mémoires pour servir a l’explication des cartes géologiques et minières de la Belgique, 39, 1–98.
  • GOSWAMI, A. 2006. Morphological integration in the carnivoran skull. Evolution, 60, 169–183.
  • GOSWAMI, A. 2007. Cranial modularity and sequence heterochrony in mammals. Evolution and Development, 9, 290–298.
  • GOULD, S. J. and GARWOOD, R. A. 1969. Levels of integration in mammalian dentition: an analysis of correlations in the Nesophontes micrus (Insectivora) and Oryzomys couesi (Rodentia). Evolution, 23, 276–300.
  • GRADSTEIN, F., OGG, J. and SMITH, A. 2004. A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 589 pp.
  • HALLAM, A. 1981. A revised sea-level curve for the early Jurassic. Journal of the Geological Society, 138, 735–743.
  • HALLAM, A. 1986. The Pliensbachian and Tithonian extinction events. Nature, 319, 765–768.
  • HALLAM, A. and COHEN, J. M. 1989. The case for sea-level change as a dominant causal factor in mass extinction of marine invertebrates [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 325, 437–455.
  • HAMMER, Ø., HARPER, D. A. T. and RAYN, P. D. 2001. PAST: palaeontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologica Electronica, 4, 1–9.
  • HUA, S. 1999. Le Crocodilien Machimosaurus mosae (Thalattosuchia, Teleosauridae) du Kimmeridgien du Boulonnais (Pas de Calais, France). Palaeontographica Abteilung, 252, 141–170.
  • HUA, S. and ATROPS, F. 1995. Un crâne de Teleidosaurus cf. gaudryi (Crocodylia, Metriorhynchidae) dans le Bajocien supérieur des environs de Castellane (Sud-Est de la France). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 166, 643–648.
  • HUA, S., VIGNAUD, P., PENNETIER, E. and PENNETIER, G. 1994. Un squelette de Steneosaurus obtusidens Andrews 1909 dans le callovien de Villers-sur-Mer (Calvados, France) et le problème de la définition des Teleosauridae à dents obtuses. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, 318, 1557–1562.
  • HUA, S., VASSE, D., BUFFETAUT, E., MARTIN, M., MAZIN, J.-M. and VADET, A. 1993. Un squelette de Machimosaurus mosae Sauvage et Lienard, 1879 (Crocodylia, Thalattosuchia) dans le Kimméridgien du Boulonnais. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, 317, 851–856.
  • HUDSON, J. D. and MARTILL, D. M. 1994. The Peterborough Member (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the Oxford Clay Formation at Peterborough, UK. Journal of the Geological Society, 151, 113–124.
  • HULKE, J. W. 1871. Note on a fragment of a teleosaurian snout from Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 17, 442–443.
  • JAEGER, G. F. 1828. Über die Fossile Reptilien, welche in Württemberg aufgefunden worden sind. Metzler, Stuttgart, 48 pp.
  • JENKYNS, H. C. 1985. The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events in Europe: comparisons and contrasts. Geologische Rundschau, 74, 505–518.
  • JOUVE, S. 2005. A new description of the skull of Dyrosaurus phosphaticus (Thomas, 1893) (Mesoeucrocodylia: Dyrosauridae) from the Lower Eocene of North Africa. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 323–337.
  • JOUVE, S. 2009. Redescription of the skull of Teleosaurus cadomensis (Crocodylomorpha; Thalattosuchia), and phylogenetic analysis of Thalattosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 88–102.
  • JOUVE, S., BOUYA, B. and AMAGHZAZ, M. 2005a. A short-snouted dyrosaurid (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Palaeocene of Morocco. Palaeontology, 48, 359–369.
  • JOUVE, S., IAROCHÈNE, M., BOUYA, B. and AMACHZAZ, M. 2005b. A new dyrosaurid crocodyliform from the Palaeocene of Morocco and a phylogenetic analysis of Dyrosauridae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50, 581–594.
  • KLINGENBERG, C. P. and ZAKLAN, S. D. 2000. Morphological integration between developmental compartments in the Drosophila wing. Evolution, 54, 1273–1285.
  • KREBS, B. 1967. Der Jura-Krokodilier Machimosaurus H. v. Meyer. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 41, 46–59.
  • KREBS, B. 1968. Le crocodilien Machimosaurus. Memorias Servicos de Geologia Portugal, 14, 1–53.
  • LENNIER, G. 1887. Description des fossiles du cap de la Hève. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandy, Le Havre, 12, 17–98.
  • LYDEKKER, R. 1890. On a crocodilian jaw from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 46, 284–288.
  • MADDISON, W. P. and MADDISON, D. R. 2006. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis: http://mesquiteproject.org/mesquite/mesquite.html
  • MANTEL, N. A. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research, 27, 209–222.
  • MARROIG, G. and CHEVERUD, J. M. 2001. A comparison of phenotypic variation and covariation patterns and the role of phylogeny, ecology, and ontogeny during cranial evolution of New World monkeys. Evolution, 55, 2576–2600.
  • MARTILL, D. M., TAYLOR, M. A. and DUFF, K. L. 1994. The trophic structure of the biota of the Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic), UK. Journal of the Geological Society, 151, 173–194.
  • MATEER, N. J. 1974. Three Mesozoic crocodiles in the collections of the Palaeontological Museum, Uppsala. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala, 4, 53–72.
  • McHENRY, C. R., CLAUSEN, P. D., DANIEL, W. J. T., MEERS, M. B. and PENDHARKAR, A. 2006. Biomechanics of the rostrum in crocodilians: a comparative analysis using finite element modeling. Anatomical Record, 288A, 827–849.
  • MEYER, H. von 1830. Achte Versammlung der Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Heidelberg im September 1829. Isis von Oken, 1830, 517–519.
  • MEYER, H. von 1831. IV Neue Fossile Reptilien, aud der Ordnung der Saurier. Nova Acta Academiae Leopddino-Carolinae, Curios, 15, 173–184
  • MEYER, H. von 1832. Paleologica zur Geschichte der Erde. Frankfurt am Main, 560 pp.
  • MEYER, H. von 1837. Mitteilungen, an Professor Bronn gerichtet. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde, 4, 413–418.
  • MOREL DE GLASVILLE, M. 1876. Sur la cavité crânienne et la position du trou optique dans le Steneosaurus herberti. Bulletin de la sociétié géologiques de France, 3, 342–348.
  • MUELLER-TÖWE, I. J. 2006. Anatomy, phylogeny, and palaeoecology of the basal thalattosuchians (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Liassic of Central Europe. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universitt Mainz, 422 pp.
  • MÜNSTER, G. V. 1843. Über süddeutsche Lias-Reptilien. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie, 1843, 127–136.
  • O’HIGGINS, P. and JONES, N. 2006. Tools for statistical shape analysis. Hull York Medical School: http://www.york.ac.uk/res/fme/resources/software.htm
  • O’KEEFE, F. R. 2002. The evolution of plesiosaur and pliosaur morphotypes in the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Paleobiology, 28, 101–112.
  • OLSON, E. C. and MILLER, R. L. 1958. Morphological integration. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 376 pp.
  • PACHUT, J. F. 1992. Morphological integration and covariance during astogeny of an Ordovician trepostome bryozoan from communities of different diversities. Journal of Paleontology, 66, 750–757.
  • PHIZACKERLEY, P. H. 1951. A revision of the Teleosauridae in the Oxford University Museum, and the British Museum (Natural History). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 1169–1192.
  • PLIENINGER, T. 1846. Ube rein neues Sauriergenus und die Einreihung der Saurier mit flachen, schneidenden Zahnen in eine Famille. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg, 2, 148–154.
  • PIERCE, S. E. 2007. Morphospace occupation and mechanical performance in extant and extinct crocodile skulls: a combined geometric morphometric and finite element modelling approach. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bristol, 283 pp.
  • PIERCE, S. E. and BENTON, M. J. 2006. Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia, Thalattosuchia) from the upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 621–635.
  • PIERCE, S. E., RAYFIELD, E. J. and ANGIELCZYK, K. D. 2006. Morphospace occupation in extant and extinct crocodiles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26 (Suppl. 3), 110A.
  • PIERCE, S. E., ANGIELCZYK, K. D. and RAYFIELD, E. J. 2008. Patterns of morphospace occupation and mechanical performance in extant crocodilian skulls: a combined geometric morphometric and finite element modeling approach. Journal of Morphology, 269, 840–864.
  • PIERCE, S. E., ANGIELCZYK, K. D. and RAYFIELD, E. J. 2009. Shape and mechanics in thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) skulls: implications for feeding behaviour and niche partitioning. Journal of Antonny, doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01137.
  • QUENSTEDT, F. A. 1856. Der Jura. H. Laupp Verlag, Tübingen, 567 pp.
  • ROHLF, F. J. 1990. Rotational fit (Procrustes) method. 227–236. In ROHLF, F. J. and BOOKSTEIN, F. R. (eds). Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Special Publication, MI, USA, 380 pp.
  • ROHLF, F. J., 2003a. TpsSmall 1.20. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.
  • ROHLF, F. J., 2003b. TpsRegr 1.28. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.
  • ROHLF, F. J., 2005. TpsDig 2.04. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.
  • SANCHEZ, J. A. and LASKER, H. R. 2003. Patterns of morphological integration in marine modular organisms: supra-module organization in branching octocoral colonies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270, 2039–2044.
  • SAUVAGE, H. E. and LIENARD, F. 1879. Mémoire sur le genre Machimosaurus. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, 3, 1–31.
  • SERENO, P. C., LARSSON, H. C. E., SIDOR, C. A. and GADO, B. 2001. The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science, 294, 1516–1519.
  • SHEETS, H. D. 2000. TwoGroup 6h: http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html
  • SHEETS, H. D. 2001a. BigFix6: http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html
  • SHEETS, H. D. 2001b. CoordGen 6f: http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html
  • SHEETS, H. D. 2003a. TBox 6: http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html
  • SHEETS, H. D. 2003b. Regress 6K: http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html
  • SHEETS, H. D. 2006. DisparityBox 6i: http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/morphsoft.html
  • SMITH, K. K. 1997. Comparative patterns of craniofacial development in eutherian and metatherian mammals. Evolution, 51, 1663–1678.
  • SOEMMERING, S. T. 1816. Über den Crocodilus priscus oder über ein in Baiern versteint gefundes Krokodil, Gavial der Vorwelt. Denkschriften der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 5, 9–82.
  • SPALLETTI, L. A., GASPARINI, Z., VEIGA, G., SCHWARZ, E., FERNÁNDEZ, M. and MATHEOS, S. 1999. Facies anóxicas, procesos deposicionales y herpetofauna de la rampa marina titoniano-berriasiana en la Cuenca Neuquina (Yesera del Tromen), Neuquén, Argentina. Revista Geologica de Chile, 26, 109–123.
  • STAYTON, T. C. 2005. Morphological evolution of the lizard skull: a geometric morphometric survey. Journal of Morphology, 263, 47–59.
  • STAYTON, T. C. 2006. Testing hypotheses of convergence with multivariate data: morphological and functional convergence among herbivorous lizards. Evolution, 60, 824–841.
  • STEEL, R. 1973. Crocodylia. In KUHN, O. (ed.). Encyclopedia of palaeoherpetology. Teil 16. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 116 pp.
  • STORRS, G. W. and EFIMOV, M. B. 2000. Mesozoic crocodyliformes of north-central Eurasia. 402–419. In BENTON, M., SHISHKIN, M. A., UNWIN, D. M. and KUROCHKIN, E. N. (eds). The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 736 pp.
  • TATE, R. and BLAKE, J. F. 1876. The Yorkshire Lias. Van Voorst, London, 474 pp.
  • VIGNAUD, P. 1995. Les Thalattosuchia, crocodiles marins du Mésozoique: Systématique phylogénétique, paléoécologie, biochronologie et implications paléogéographiques. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Poitiers, 410 pp.
  • VIGNAUD, P. 1997. La morphologie dentaire des Thalattosuchia (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia). Palaeovertebrata, 26, 35–59.
  • VIGNAUD, P. and GASPARINI, Z. B. 1996. New Dakosaurus (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Jurassic of Argentina. Comptes Rendus de l'Acadmie des Sciences, Paris, 332, 245–250.
  • VIGNAUD, P., LANGE-BADRE, B., HANTZPERGUE, P., DUTRIEUX, M. and MAURY, G. 1993. Découverte d’un crâne de Teleosauridae dans las Zone àEudoxus du Kimméridgien supérieur quercynois (France). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 317, 1509–1514.
  • WAGNER, A. 1850. Die fossilen Überreste gacialartiger Saurier aus der Liasformation in der k. palontologischen Sammlung zu München. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 5, 511–606.
  • WALKDEN, G. M., FRASER, N. C. and MUIR, J. 1987. A new specimen of Steneosaurus (Mesosuchia, Crocodilia) from the Toarcian of the Yorkshire Coast. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 46, 279–287.
  • WENZ, S. 1968. Contribution à l’étude du genre Metriorhynchus Crâne et moulage endocrânien de. Metriorhynchus superciliosus. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés), 54, 149–183.
  • WESTPHAL, F. 1961. Zur systematik der deutschen und englishen lias-krokodilier. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paleontolgie, Abhandlungen, 113, 207–218.
  • WESTPHAL, F. 1962. Die Krokodilen des deutschen und englischen oberen Lias. Paleontographica A, 118, 1–96.
  • WU, X.-C., RUSSEL, A. P. and CUMBA, S. L. 2001. Terminonaris (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes): new material from Saskatchewan, Canada, and comments on its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 492–514.
  • YOUNG, M. T. 2006. Evolution and taxonomic revision of the Mesozoic marine crocodyliforms Metriorhynchidae, a phylogenetic and morphometric approach. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of London and Imperial College, 140 pp.
  • ZELDITCH, M. L., SHEETS, H. D. and FINK, W. L. 2003. The ontogenetic dynamics of shape disparity. Paleobiology, 29, 139–156.
  • ZELDITCH, M. L., SWIDERSKI, D. L., SHEETS, H. D. and FINK, W. L. 2004. Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 443 pp.
PalAss Go! URL: http://go.palass.org/5i2 | Twitter: Share on Twitter | Facebook: Share on Facebook | Google+: Share on Google+