Skip to content Skip to navigation

Article: Desparity: Morphological Pattern and Developmental Context

Publication: Palaeontology
Volume: 50
Part: 1
Publication Date: January 2007
Page(s): 57 73
Author(s): Douglas H. Erwin
Addition Information

How to Cite

ERWIN, D. H. 2007. Desparity: Morphological Pattern and Developmental Context. Palaeontology50, 1, 57–73.

Online Version Hosted By

Wiley Online Library
Get Article: Wiley Online Library [Pay-to-View Access] |

References

  • AMUNDSON, R. 2005. The changing role of the embryo in evolutionary thought: roots of evo-devo. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 294 pp.
  • ANSTEY, A. L. and PACHUT, J. F. 1995. Phylogeny, diversity history and speciation in Paleozoic bryozoans. 239–284. In ERWIN, D. H. and ANSTEY, A. L. (eds). New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, 288 pp.
  • BALL, E. E., HAYWARD, D. C., SAINT, R. and MILLER, D. J. 2004. A simple plan – cnidarians and the origins of developmental mechanisms. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5, 567–577.
  • BATEMAN, R. M., CRANE, P. R., DIMICHELE, W. A., KENRICK, P. R., ROWE, N. P., SPECK, T. and STEIN, W. E. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 263–292.
  • BOOKSTEIN, F. L. 1987. Random walk and the existence of evolutionary rates. Paleobiology, 13, 446–464.
  • BOOKSTEIN, F. L., CHERNOFF, B., ELDER, R., HUMPHRIES, J., SMITH, G. and STRAUSS, R. 1985. Morphometrics in evolutionary biology. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 277 pp.
  • BRAKEFIELD, P. M. 2006. Evo-devo and constraints on selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 362–368.
  • BRIGGS, D. E. G. and FORTEY, R. A. 2005. Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation. Paleobiology, 31, 94–112.
  • BRIGGS, D. E. G., FORTEY, R. A. and WILLS, M. A. 1992a. Morphological disparity in the Cambrian. Science, 256, 1670–1673.
  • BRIGGS, D. E. G., FORTEY, R. A. and WILLS, M. A. 1992b. How big was the Cambrian evolutionary explosion? A taxonomic and morphologic comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. 34–44. In LEES, D. R. and EDWARDS, D. (eds). Evolutionary patterns and processes. Linnean Society of London, London, 325 pp.
  • CARLSON, S. J. 1992. Evolutionary trends in the articulate brachiopod hinge mechanism. Paleobiology, 18, 344–366.
  • CARROLL, S. B. 2005. Endless forms most beautiful. W. W. Norton, New York, NY, 350 pp.
  • CARROLL, S. B., GRENIER, J. K. and WEATHERBEE, S. D. 2001. From DNA to diversity. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, 214 pp.
  • CIAMPAGLIO, C. N. 2002. Determining the role that ecological and developmental constraints play in controlling disparity: examples from the crinoid and blastozoan fossil record. Evolution and Development, 4, 170–188.
  • CIAMPAGLIO, C. N. 2004. Measuring changes in articulate brachiopod morphology before and after the Permian mass extinction event: do developmental constraints limit morphological innovation? Evolution and Development, 6, 260–274.
  • CIAMPAGLIO, C. N., KEMP, M. and MCSHEA, D. W. 2001. Detecting changes in morphospace occupation patterns in the fossil record: characterization and analysis of measures of disparity. Paleobiology, 27, 695–715.
  • COLLAR, D. C., NEAR, T. J. and WAINWRIGHT, P. C. 2005. Comparative analysis of morphological diversity: does disparity accumulate at the same rate in two lineages of centrarchid fishes? Evolution, 59, 1783–1794.
  • COURVILLE, P. and CRÔNIER, C. 2005. Diversity or disparity in the Jurassic (Upper Callovian) genus Kosmoceras: a morphometric approach. Journal of Paleontology, 79, 944–953.
  • DAVID, B. and LAURIN, B. 1996. Morphometrics and cladistics: measuring phylogeny in the sea urchin Echinocardium. Evolution, 50, 348–359.
  • DAVIDSON, E. H. 2006. The regulatory genome. Academic Press, Amsterdam, 289 pp.
  • DAVIDSON, E. H. and ERWIN, D. H. 2006. Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans. Science, 311, 796–800.
  • DOMMERGUES, J.-L., MONTUIRE, S. and NEIGE, P. 2002. Size patterns through time: the case of the Early Jurassic ammonite radiation. Paleobiology, 28, 423–434.
  • EBLE, G. J. 2000a. Contrasting evolutionary flexibility in sister groups: disparity and diversity in Mesozoic atelostomate echinoids. Paleobiology, 26, 56–79.
  • EBLE, G. J. 2000b. Theoretical morphology: state of the art. Paleobiology, 26, 520–528.
  • EBLE, G. J. 2003. Developmental morphospaces and evolution. 33–63. In CRUTCHFIELD, J. P. and SCHUSTER, P. (eds). Evolutionary dynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 452 pp.
  • ERWIN, D. H. 1994. Major morphologic innovations. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 38, 281–294.
  • ERWIN, D. H. 2000. Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution. Evolution and Development, 2, 78–84.
  • ERWIN, D. H. 2005. The origin of animal body plans. 67–80. In BRIGGS, D. E. G. (ed.). Form and function, essays in honor of Adolf Seilacher. Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, CT, 288 pp.
  • ERWIN, D. H., in press. The developmental origins of animal bodyplans. In XIAO, S. H. and KAUFFMAN, A. J. (eds). Neoproterozoic geobiology. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
  • ERWIN, D. H. and DAVIDSON, E. H. 2002. The last common bilaterian ancestor. Development, 129, 3021–3032.
  • ERWIN, D. H., VALENTINE, J. W. and SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1987. A comparative study of diversification events: the early Paleozoic vs. the Mesozoic. Evolution, 41, 1177–1186.
  • FOOTE, M. 1991. Morphologic patterns of diversification: examples from trilobites. Palaeontology, 34, 461–486.
  • FOOTE, M. 1992a. Paleozoic record of morphological diversity in blastozoan Echinodermata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 7325–7329.
  • FOOTE, M. 1992b. Rarefaction analysis of morphologic and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology, 18, 1–16.
  • FOOTE, M. 1993a. Contributions of individual taxa to overall morphological disparity. Paleobiology, 19, 403–419.
  • FOOTE, M. 1993b. Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology, 19, 185–204.
  • FOOTE, M. 1994. Morphological disparity in Ordovician–Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space. Paleobiology, 20, 320–344.
  • FOOTE, M. 1995. Morphological diversification of Paleozoic crinoids. Paleobiology, 21, 273–299.
  • FOOTE, M. 1996a. Evolutionary patterns in the fossil record. Evolution, 50, 1–11.
  • FOOTE, M. 1996b. Models of morphological diversification. 62–86. In JABLONSKI, D., ERWIN, D. H. and LIPPS, J. H. (eds). Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 483 pp.
  • FOOTE, M. 1996c. Ecological controls on the evolutionary recovery of post-Paleozoic crinoids. Science, 274, 1492–1495.
  • FOOTE, M. 1997. Evolution of morphological diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28, 129–152.
  • FOOTE, M. 1999. Morphological diversity in the evolutionary radiation of Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic crinoids. Paleobiology, 25 (Supplement to No. 2), 115 pp.
  • FOOTE, M. and GOULD, S. J. 1992. Cambrian and recent morphological disparity. Science, 258, 1816–1817.
  • FOREY, P. L., FORTEY, R. A., KENRICK, P. R. and SMITH, A. B. 2004. Taxonomy and fossils: a critical appraisal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 359, 639–653.
  • FORTEY, R. A., BRIGGS, D. E. G. and WILLS, M. A. 1996. The Cambrian evolutionary ‘explosion’: decoupling cladogenesis from morphological disparity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 57, 13–33.
  • GAVRILETS, S. 1999. Dynamics of clade diversification on the morphological hypercube. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 266, 817–824.
  • GOULD, S. J. 1989. Wonderful life. Norton, New York, NY, 347 pp.
  • GOULD, S. J. 1991. The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace. Paleobiology, 17, 411–423.
  • GOULD, S. J. 1993. How to analyze Burgess Shale disparity – a reply to Ridley. Paleobiology, 19, 522–523.
  • GOULD, S. J. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1433 pp.
  • HARMON, L. J., SCHULTE, J. A. I., LARSON, A. and LOSOS, J. B. 2003. Tempo and mode of evolutionary radiation in iguanian lizards. Science, 301, 961–964.
  • HERBOLD, B. and MOYLE, P. B. 1986. Introduced species and vacant niches. American Naturalist, 128, 751–760.
  • HUNTLEY, J. W., XIAO, S. H. and KOWALEWSKI, M. 2006. 1.3 billion years of acritarch history: an empirical morphospace approach. Precambrian Research, 144, 52–68.
  • JABLONKA, E. and LAMB, M. J. 2005. Evolution in four dimensions: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral and symbolic variation in the history of life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 472 pp.
  • JERNVALL, J. 2000. Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 2641–2645.
  • JERNVALL, J., HUNTER, J. P. and FORTELIUS, M. 1996. Molar tooth diversity, disparity and ecology in Cenozoic ungulate radiations. Science, 274, 1486–1492.
  • KAANDORP, J. 1994. Fractal growth modeling: growth and form in biology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 208 pp.
  • KAUFFMAN, S. A. 1989. Cambrian explosion and Permian quiescence: implications of rugged fitness landscapes. Evolutionary Ecology, 3, 274–281.
  • KAUFFMAN, S. A. 1993. Origins of order: self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 734 pp.
  • KNOLL, A. H. and CARROLL, S. B. 1999. Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science, 284, 2129–2137.
  • KNOLL, A. H., NIKLAS, K. J., GENSEL, P. G. and TIFFNEY, B. H. 1984. Character diversification and patterns of evolution in early vascular plants. Paleobiology, 10, 34–47.
  • KORN, D. and KLUG, C. 2003. Morphological pathways in the evolution of Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids. Paleobiology, 29, 329–348.
  • LABANDEIRA, C. C. 1997. Insect mouthparts: ascertaining the paleobiology of insect feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28, 153–193.
  • LABANDEIRA, C. C. and EBLE, G. in press. The fossil record of insect diversity and disparity. In ANDERSON, J., THACKERY, F., VAN WYK, B. and DE WIT, M. (eds). Gondwana alive: biodiversity and the evolving biosphere. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.
  • LAUDER, G. V., HUEY, R. B., MONSON, R. K. and JENSEN, R. J. 1995. Systematics and the study of organismal form and function. Bioscience, 45, 696–704.
  • LEWONTIN, R. C. 2003. Four complications in understanding the evolutionary process. Santa Fe Institute Bulletin, 18 (centre insert, unpaginated).
  • LOCKWOOD, R. 2004. The K/T event and infaunality: morphological and ecological patterns of extinction and recovery in veneroid bivalves. Paleobiology, 30, 507–521.
  • LUPIA, R. 1999. Discordant morphological disparity and taxonomic diversity during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation: North American pollen record. Paleobiology, 25, 1–28.
  • MacLAURIN, J. 2003. The good, the bad and the impossible. Biology and Philosophy, 18, 463–476.
  • MATUS, D. Q., PANG, K., MARLOW, H., DUNN, C. W., THOMSEN, G. H. and MARTINDALE, M. Q. 2006. Molecular evidence for deep evolutionary roots of bilaterality in animal development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 103, 11,195–11,200.
  • McGHEE, G. R. Jr 1995. Geometry of evolution in the biconvex Brachiopoda: morphologic effects of mass extinction. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 197, 357–382.
  • McGHEE, G. R. Jr 1999. Theoretical morphology: the concept and its applications. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, 316 pp.
  • McGHEE, G. R. Jr and McKINNEY, F. K. 2000. A theoretical morphological analysis of convergently evolved erect helical form in the Bryozoa. Paleobiology, 26, 556–577.
  • McGOWAN, A. J. 2004. The effect of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck on Triassic ammonoid morphological evolution. Paleobiology, 30, 369–395.
  • McSHEA, D. W. 1993. Arguments, tests and the Burgess Shale – a commentary on the debate. Paleobiology, 19, 399–402.
  • MILLER, A. I. and FOOTE, M. 1996. Calibrating the Ordovician radiation of marine life: implications for Phanerozoic diversity trends. Paleobiology, 22, 304–309.
  • MILLER, D. J., BALL, E. E. and TECHNAU, U. 2005. Cnidarians and ancestral genetic complexity in the animal kingdom. Trends in Genetics, 21, 536–539.
  • NIKLAS, K. J. 1986. Computer simulations of branching patterns and their implications for the evolution of plants. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences, 18, 1–50.
  • NIKLAS, K. J. 2004. Computer models of early land plant evolution. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 32, 45–65.
  • ODLING-SMEE, F. J., LALAND, K. N. and FELDMAN, M. W. 2003. Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 472 pp.
  • PIE, M. R. and WEITZ, J. S. 2005. A null model of morphospace occupation. American Naturalist, 166, E1–E13.
  • PRUSINKIEWICZ, P. and LINDENMAYER, A. 1990. The algorithmic beauty of plants. Springer, New York, NY, 228 pp.
  • RAUP, D. M. 1966. Geometric analysis of shell coiling: general problems. Journal of Paleontology, 40, 1178–1190.
  • RAUP, D. M. 1967. Geometric analysis of shell coiling: coiling in ammonoids. Journal of Paleontology, 41, 43–65.
  • RAUP, D. M. 1972. Approaches to morphologic analysis. 28–44. In SCHOPF, T. J. M. (ed). Models in paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper, San Francisco, CA, 250 pp.
  • RAUP, D. M. 1987. Neutral models in paleobiology. 121–132. In NITECKI, M. H. and HOFFMAN, A. (eds). Neutral models in biology. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 180 pp.
  • RAUP, D. M. and GOULD, S. J. 1974. Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology – towards a nomothetic paleontology. Systematic Zoology, 23, 305–322.
  • RIDLEY, M. 1993. Analysis of the Burgess Shale. Paleobiology, 19, 519–521.
  • ROY, K. 1994. Effects of the Mesozoic marine revolution on the taxonomic, morphologic, and biogeographic evolution of a group; aporrhaid gastropods during the Mesozoic. Paleobiology, 20, 274–296.
  • RUTA, M., WAGNER, P. J. and COATES, M. I. 2006. Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. I. Rapid initial diversification followed by decrease in rates of character change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 273, 2113–2118.
  • SAUNDERS, W. B. and SWAN, A. R. H. 1984. Morphology and morphologic diversity of mid-Carboniferous (Namurian) ammonoids in time and space. Paleobiology, 10, 195–228.
  • SAUNDERS, W. B. and WORK, D. M. 1996. Shell morphology and suture complexity in Upper Carboniferous ammonoids. Paleobiology, 22, 189–218.
  • SAUNDERS, W. B. and WORK, D. M. 1997. Evolution of shell morphology and sutural complexity in Paleozoic prolecantids, the rootstock of Mesozoic ammonoids. Paleobiology, 23, 301–325.
  • SAUNDERS, W. B., WORK, D. M. and NIKOLAEVA, S. V. 2004. The evolutionary history of shell geometry in Paleozoic ammonoids. Paleobiology, 30, 19–43.
  • SCHINDEL, D. E. 1990. Unoccupied morphospace in the coiled geometry of gastopods: architectural constraint or geometric covariation? 270–304. In ROSS, R. M. and ALLMON, W. D. (eds). Biotic and abiotic factors in evolution: a paleontologic perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 479 pp.
  • SCHLICHTING, C. D. and PIGLIUCCI, M. 1998. Phenotypic plasticity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, 387 pp.
  • SMITH, A. B. 1994. Systematics and the fossil record – documenting evolutionary patterns. Blackwell, Oxford, 223 pp.
  • SMITH, A. B. and ALTABA, A. R. I. 1988. Fossil evidence for the relationships of extant echinoderm classes and their times of divergence. 85–97. In PAUL, C. R. C. and SMITH, A. B. (eds). Echinoderm phylogeny and evolutionary biology. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 373 pp.
  • SMITH, A. B. and PATTERSON, C. 1988. The influence of taxonomic method on the perception of patterns of evolution. Evolutionary Biology, 23, 127–216.
  • SMITH, L. H. and BUNJE, P. M. 1999. Morphologic diversity of inarticulate brachiopods through the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology, 25, 396–408.
  • STOCKMEYER LOFGREN, A., PLOTNICK, R. E. and WAGNER, P. W. 2003. Morphological diversity of Carboniferous arthropods and insights on disparity patterns through the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology, 29, 349–368.
  • STOLZFUS, A. 2006. Mutationism and the dual causation of evolution. Evolution and Development, 8, 304–317.
  • STONE, J. R. 2003. Mapping cladograms into morphospaces. Acta Zoologica, 84, 63–68.
  • TABACHNICK, R. E. and BOOKSTEIN, F. L. 1990. The structure of individual variation in Miocene Globorotalia. Evolution, 44, 416–434.
  • THOMAS, R. D. K. and REIF, W. E. 1993. The skeleton space: a finite set of organic designs. Evolution, 47, 341–360.
  • THOMAS, R. D. K., SHEARMAN, R. M. and STEWART, G. W. 2000. Evolutionary exploitation of design options by the first animals with hard skeletons. Science, 288, 1239–1242.
  • VALENTINE, J. W. 1980. Determinants of diversity in higher taxonomic catagories. Paleobiology, 6, 444–450.
  • VALENTINE, J. W. 1995. Why no new phyla after the Cambrian? Genome and ecospace hypotheses revisited. Palaios, 10, 190–194.
  • VALENTINE, J. W. 2004. On the origin of phyla. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 614 pp.
  • VALENTINE, J. W., JABLONSKI, D. and ERWIN, D. H. 1999. Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion. Development, 126, 851–859.
  • VILLIER, L. and EBLE, G. J. 2004. Assessing the robustness of disparity estimates: the impact of morphometric scheme, temporal scale and taxonomic level in spatangoid echinoids. Paleobiology, 30, 652–665.
  • VILLIER, L. and KORN, D. 2004. Morphological disparity of ammonoids and the mark of Permian mass extinctions. Science, 306, 264–266.
  • WAGNER, G. P. and LAUBICHLER, M. D. 2004. Rupert Riedl and the re-synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology: body plans and evolvability. Journal of Experimental Biology (Molecular Development and Evolution), 302B, 92–102.
  • WAGNER, P. J. 1995. Diversity patterns among early gastropods: contrasting taxonomic and phylogenetic descriptions. Paleobiology, 21, 410–439.
  • WAGNER, P. J. 1997. Patterns of morphologic diversification among Rostroconchia. Paleobiology, 23, 115–150.
  • WAGNER, P. J. 2000. Exhaustion of morphologic character states among fossil taxa. Evolution, 54, 365–386.
  • WAGNER, P. J., RUTA, M. and COATES, M. I. 2006. Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. II. Differing constraints on available character space among clades. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 273, 2107–2111.
  • WESLEY-HUNT, G. D. 2005. The morphological diversification of carnivores in North America. Paleobiology, 31, 35–55.
  • WEST-EBERHARD, M. J. 2003. Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 816 pp.
  • WILLS, M. A. 1998. Cambrian and recent disparity: the picture from priapulids. Paleobiology, 24, 177–199.
  • WILLS, M. A., BRIGGS, D. E. G. and FORTEY, R. A. 1994. Disparity as an evolutionary index: a comparison of Cambrian and recent arthropods. Nature, 371, 197.
PalAss Go! URL: http://go.palass.org/571 | Twitter: Share on Twitter | Facebook: Share on Facebook | Google+: Share on Google+